Thursday, November 7th, 2024

Who used to use a 1 kg mobile, the Pyramid of Giza is contained in a small chip, understand semiconductors


New Delhi: It was 1956, when the Nobel Prizes for Physics were announced. At that time, three American scientists William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen were awarded the Nobel Prize for the invention of the transistor, only then the world came to know how big a discovery this transistor was going to prove to be. John Bardeen once again received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1972 along with American scientists Leon A Cooper and John Robert Schneifer. These three gave the revolutionary theory of superconductivity, which is also called BCS theory and which is considered a revolutionary thing for the 21st century. William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen had created the transistor in Bell Labs in 1947 itself. At that time it consumed more electricity. Later an engineer named Mohammed Atalla suggested the use of silicon semiconductors, which was not accepted initially, but in the end the world had to agree with him. Let's understand the story of semiconductors and everything about them.

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Semiconductors are as special as gold and as trivial as lead

A semiconductor is special, like gold or copper, because it allows the smallest particles of matter, electrons, to pass through it. But it is also trivial, like lead, because it blocks the flow of electrons. Think of it this way: electricity flows through a semiconductor, but not as fast as a perfect conductor like copper or gold. It is little more than a poor conductor like lead, rubber or dry wood, which imposes some restrictions on the flow of electricity. The conductivity of a semiconductor increases as the temperature rises. That is, it sometimes acts like a conductor and sometimes like an insulator. Semiconductor hardware, which is typically made of silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide, either allows the free flow of electricity or blocks it completely.

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How does a semiconductor work, how does it become a superconductor?

Semiconductors are called semiconductors in Hindi, which are known as integrated circuits (IC), transistors or microchips. These are made of pure elements such as silicon, germanium or compounds such as gallium arsenide. During the doping process of making semiconductors, small amounts of impurities are added to these pure elements, which causes a big change in its conductivity. Mohammed Atalla was the Egyptian scientist who suggested using silicon as a semiconductor.

One chip has as many transistors as the Great Pyramid of Giza

A single semiconductor chip contains as many transistors as all the stones in the Great Pyramid of Giza. Today, more than 100 billion ICs are being used daily around the world, which is equal to the number of stars in our galaxy. There is a competition between the US and China to capture this semiconductor market.

semiconductor chip

Semiconductor nano fabrications are made from a series of

Every electronic device that plugs into the wall or uses batteries contains semiconductors. Diodes, chips, and transistors are all devices made from them. Semiconductor devices are made in a series of nanofabrication processes performed on the surface of substrates made from very pure single crystal silicon. These substrates are generally known as wafers.

Semiconductor Devices

This process of making semiconductors requires extreme care

The process of making a semiconductor is complex. In this, first of all silicon element is extracted from sand. After this, first wafer fabrication takes place. In which wafers are prepared from silicon. Then the pattern is transferred. After this it is doped. Then the process of deposition, etching and packaging is adopted in it. This is really a modern miracle and an achievement of engineering. Extreme care has to be taken in this process.

Semiconductor mode

These 3 ingredients are what give you an edge in chip making

There are three important components in making a silicon chip. First- raw material i.e. hardware, design and fabrication. In the world of semiconductors, design is one such component due to which a country can get ahead. If India is able to use this capability, then no country in the world can leave it behind. In fact, India has the world's largest silicon reserves.

How important are semiconductors in today's world

Semiconductors are all around us today. They control the computers and phones that we use in business or administration. The phones, mobiles, laptops and computers that we use to control cars and aircraft are all based on semiconductors. Even MRI machines that read ECG or brain, machines that diagnose and treat diseases and defense technology are also full of semiconductors. The electronic gadgets that we use in our homes today like TV, music system, video games, watching web series, all these pleasures are also provided to us by a small chip i.e. semiconductor.

Semiconductor mode

1 kg mobile got discharged after talking for 30 minutes

Semiconductor technology not only makes these devices possible, but it also makes them more compact, cheaper and more powerful. In 1984, a mobile phone weighed about 1 kg, which was equal to a brick. Then its price was around Rs 3.5 lakh. The special thing is that a mobile of this weight would get discharged after talking for just 30 minutes. Thanks to semiconductors, today the average weight of any mobile in the world is 150 to 170 grams.

What are fabless or foundry firms?

Semiconductor companies typically focus on two main phases of semiconductor production: design and manufacturing. Companies that focus only on design are called fabless firms. Companies that only manufacture are called foundries. Semiconductor firms that do both are called integrated device manufacturers (IDMs).

Semiconductor market in India will cross $100 billion

According to Fortune Business Insights, the worldwide semiconductor market is expected to reach $681.05 billion by the end of 2024. This market will grow rapidly to $2062.59 billion by 2032. The most important segments in this market are memory devices, logic devices and analog IC chips. In India, its market is estimated to grow from $35 billion to $63 billion by 2026. It is expected to reach $100.2 billion by 2032.

Semiconductor market

Use of semiconductors in India's Mars Orbiter Mission

Karl Ferdinand Braun created the first semiconductor device, a crystal detector, in 1874. Semiconductors were discovered in the 19th century itself. The transistor was invented in the 1940s. Japan's first transistor radio came in 1955. In 1959, Kilby of Texas Instruments and Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor in the US invented the bipolar integrated circuit (IC).
In 1931, two research papers were published under the name 'Theory of Electronic Semi-Conductors'. Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL) was established under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. The semiconductors made by it were used in the Mars Orbiter Mission.

The country's largest semiconductor park will be built in the Yamuna Authority area

A plan has been made to develop the country's largest semiconductor park in the Yamuna Authority area. Land has also been arranged for this. So far, three companies have proposed to set up their units in the semiconductor park. By participating in the program, PM Modi took forward the campaign to make UP a hub of semiconductor manufacturing. On this occasion, he also mentioned the policy decided by the central government in this direction. The PM said that they should read about the Digital India Mission. 836 exhibitors and more than 50 thousand visitors from 26 countries are participating in Semicon India 2024.

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